ls(1B) manual page
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ls - list the contents of a directory
/usr/ucb/ls [ -aAcCdfFgilLqrRstu1
] filename ...
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For each filename which
is a directory, ls lists the contents of the directory; for each filename
which is a file, ls repeats its name and any other information requested.
By default, the output is sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given,
the current directory is listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments
are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments are processed before
directories and their contents.
The mode printed under
the -l option contains 10 characters interpreted as follows. If the first
character is:
- d
- entry is a directory;
- b
- entry is a block-type special file;
- c
- entry is a character-type special file;
- l
- entry is a symbolic link;
- p
- entry is a FIFO
(also known as ‘named pipe’) special file;
- s
- entry is an
AF_UNIX
address family socket, or
- -
- entry is a plain file.
The next 9 characters
are interpreted as three sets of three bits each. The first set refers to
owner permissions; the next refers to permissions to others in the same
user-group; and the last refers to all others. Within each set the three
characters indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or to execute
the file as a program. For a directory, ‘execute’ permission is interpreted
to mean permission to search the directory. The permissions are indicated
as follows:
- r
- the file is readable;
- w
- the file is writable;
- x
- the file
is executable;
- -
- the indicated permission is not granted.
The group-execute
permission character is given as s if the file has the set-group-id bit set;
likewise the owner-execute permission character is given as s if the file
has the set-user-id bit set.
The last character of the mode (normally x or
‘-’) is true if the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See chmod(1)
for the meaning
of this mode. The indications of set-ID
and 1000 bits of the mode are capitalized
(S and T respectively) if the corresponding execute permission is not set.
When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of
blocks, including indirect blocks is printed.
- -a
- List all entries;
in the absence of this option, entries whose names begin with a ‘.’ are not
listed (except for the privileged user, for whom ls normally prints even
files that begin with a ‘.’).
- -A
- Same as -a, except that ‘.’ and ‘..’ are not listed.
- -c
- Use time of last edit (or last mode change) for sorting or printing.
- -C
- Force multi-column output, with entries sorted down the columns; for
ls, this is the default when output is to a terminal.
- -d
- If argument is a
directory, list only its name (not its contents); often used with -l to
get the status of a directory.
- -f
- Force each argument to be interpreted as
a directory and list the name found in each slot. This option turns off
-l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which entries
appear in the directory.
- -F
- Mark directories with a trailing slash (‘/’), executable
files with a trailing asterisk (‘*’), symbolic links with a trailing at-sign
(‘@’), and AF_UNIX
address family sockets with a trailing equals sign (‘=’).
- -g
- For ls, show the group ownership of the file in a long output.
- -i
- For each
file, print the i-node number in the first column of the report.
- -l
- List in
long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time
of last modification for each file. If the file is a special file the size
field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the time
of last modification is greater than six months ago, it is shown in the
format ‘month date year’; files modified within six months show ‘month date
time’. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is
printed preceded by ‘-->’.
- -L
- If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or
directory the link references rather than the link itself.
- -q
- Display non-graphic
characters in filenames as the character ?; for ls, this is the default
when output is to a terminal.
- -r
- Reverse the order of sort to get reverse
alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate.
- -R
- Recursively list subdirectories
encountered.
- -s
- Give size of each file, including any indirect blocks used
to map the file, in kilobytes.
- -t
- Sort by time modified (latest first) instead
of by name.
- -u
- Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting
(with the -t option) and/or printing (with the -l option).
- -1
- Force one entry
per line output format; this is the default when output is not to a terminal.
- /etc/group
- to get group ID
for ‘ls -g’
- /etc/passwd
- to get user ID
’s
for ‘ls -l’ and ‘ls -o’
NEWLINE
and TAB
are considered printing characters in filenames.
The
output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
The option setting based
on whether the output is a teletype is undesirable as ‘ls -s’ is much different
than ‘ls -s | lpr’. On the other hand, not doing this setting would make old
shell scripts which used ls almost certain losers.
Unprintable characters
in file names may confuse the columnar output options.
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