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#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
pid_t wait3(int *statusp, int options,
struct rusage *rusage);
pid_t wait4(pid_t pid, int *statusp, int options,
struct rusage *rusage);
wait3() delays its caller until a signal is received or one of its child processes terminates or stops due to tracing. If any child process has died or stopped due to tracing and this has not already been reported, return is immediate, returning the process ID and status of one of those children. If that child process has died, it is discarded. If there are no children, -1 is returned immediately. If there are only running or stopped but reported children, the calling process is blocked.
If statusp is not a NULL pointer, then on return from a successful wait3() call, the status of the child process is stored in the integer pointed to by statusp. *statusp indicates the cause of termination and other information about the terminated process in the following manner:
- If the low-order 8 bits of *statusp are equal to 0177, the child process has stopped; the 8 bits higher up from the low-order 8 bits of *statusp contain the number of the signal that caused the process to stop. See signal(5) .
- If the low-order 8 bits of *statusp are non-zero and are not equal to 0177, the child process terminated due to a signal; the low-order 7 bits of *statusp contain the number of the signal that terminated the process. In addition, if the low-order seventh bit of *statusp (that is, bit 0200) is set, a ‘‘core image’’ of the process was produced; see signal(5) .
- Otherwise, the child process terminated due to an exit() call; the 8 bits higher up from the low-order 8 bits of *statusp contain the low-order 8 bits of the argument that the child process passed to exit(); see exit(2) .
options is constructed from the bitwise inclusive OR of zero or more of the following flags, defined in the header <sys/wait.h>:
- WNOHANG
- Execution of the calling process is not suspended if status is not immediately available for any child process.
- WUNTRACED
- The status of any child processes that are stopped, and whose status has not yet been reported since they stopped, are also reported to the requesting process.
If rusage is not a NULL pointer, a summary of the resources used by the terminated process and all its children is returned. Only the user time used and the system time used are currently available. They are returned in the ru_utime and ru_stime, members of the rusage structure respectively.
When the WNOHANG option is specified and no processes have status to report, wait3() returns 0. The WNOHANG and WUNTRACED options may be combined by OR ing the two values.
wait4() is an
extended interface. With a pid argument of 0, it is equivalent to wait3().
If pid has a nonzero value, then wait4() returns status only for the indicated
process ID
, but not for any other child processes. The status can be evaluated
using the macros defined by wstat(5)
.
If wait3() or wait4() return due to the delivery of a signal to the calling process, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to EINTR. If WNOHANG was set in options, it has at least one child process specified by pid for which status is not available, and status is not available for any process specified by pid, a value of zero is returned. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
wait3() and wait4() return 0 if WNOHANG is specified and there are no stopped or exited children, and return the process ID of the child process if they return due to a stopped or terminated child process. Otherwise, they return a value of -1 and sets errno to indicate the error.
wait4() may set errno to:
wait3(), and wait4() will terminate prematurely, return -1, and set errno to EINTR upon the arrival of a signal whose SA_RESTART bit in its flags field is not set (see sigaction(2) ).
If a parent process terminates without waiting on its children, the initialization process (process ID = 1) inherits the children.
wait3(), and wait4() are automatically restarted when a process receives a signal while awaiting termination of a child process, unless the SA_RESTART bit is not set in the flags for that signal.