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Name

Synopsis

Description

Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

--retry

keep trying to open a file even if it is inaccessible when tail starts or if it becomes inaccessible later; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

-c, --bytes=N

output the last N bytes; alternatively, use +N to output bytes starting with the Nth of each file

-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]

output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent

-F

same as --follow=name --retry

-n, --lines=N

output the last N lines, instead of the last 10; or use +N to output lines starting with the Nth

--max-unchanged-stats=N

with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files)

--pid=PID

with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

-q, --quiet, --silent

never output headers giving file names

-s, --sleep-interval=S

with -f, sleep for approximately S seconds (default 1.0) between iterations.

-v, --verbose

always output headers giving file names

--help

display this help and exit

--version

output version information and exit

If the first character of N (the number of bytes or lines) is a ‘+’, print beginning with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N items in the file. N may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail’ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file by reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed and recreated by some other program.

Author

Reporting Bugs

Copyright

See Also

info coreutils ’tail invocation’

should give you access to the complete manual.

Table of Contents

• Name
• Synopsis
• Description
• Author
• Reporting Bugs
• Copyright
• See Also